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• Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Problems
• Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Test

Trimethylglycine (TMG) is an amino acid derivative that occurs in plants. Trimethylglycine was the first betaine discovered; originally it was simply called betaine because, in the 19th century, it was discovered in sugar beets.^[2] Since then, many other betaines have been discovered, and the more specific name glycine betaine distinguishes this one.

Learn more about Dimethylglycine (Dmg) uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that contain Dimethylglycine (Dmg). Mar 31, 2015 Dimethylglycine (DMG) and trimethylglycine (TMG) donate methyl groups to the methylation cycle. TMG is needed to recycle homocysteine and help produce SAMe. If DMG is beneficial for your child, note that long term use will slow methylation. After a period of DMG supplementation, it is important to start using TMG and SAMe to optimize this vital. Sep 09, 2013  Betaine is converted into DMG as it donates a methyl group to homocysteine. This pathway is mediated by BHMT, an enzyme induced by betaine and inhibited by DMG or SAM. A small amount of DMG is eliminated in the urine, and most DMG is converted via DMG-dehydrogenase into sarcosine and glycine.

Trimethylglycine (TMG) is an amino acid derivative that occurs in plants. Trimethylglycine was the first betaine discovered; originally it was simply called betaine because, in the 19th century, it was discovered in sugar beets. Since then, many other betaines have been discovered, and the more specific name glycine betaine distinguishes this one. With 90% of our kids on the autism spectrum having issues with methylation, which usually result in speech or sensory processing issues, DMG and TMG are great supplements to try. Especially since they have been reported to have a 50% success rate for ASD kids. (read about that here) Now let me tell you about our experience with DMG and TMG. DMG (TMG's metabolite) has been used as a nutritional supplement for over 25 years. In a broad sense, TMG protects the body from many forms of physical, metabolic and environmental stress. Applications include: Immune modulation: Improves antibody response, enhances B- and T-cell function, and regulates cytokines. Jun 12, 2017  That's the substrate that TMG uses up in the BHMT pathway, the substrate that MTR also competes for. So, this total argument/suggestion to take DMG to encourage the MTR makes no sense to me! DMG does indeed slow down the BHMT reaction, but other than making more homocysteine available, I can't see it doing anything to encourage the folate cycle.

Structure and reactions[edit]

Trimethylglycine is an N-trimethylated amino acid. This quaternary ammonium exists as the zwitterion at neutral pH. Strong acids such as hydrochloric acid convert TMG to various salts, with HCl yielding betaine hydrochloride:

(CH₃)₃N⁺CH₂CO⁻
₂ + HCl → [(CH₃)₃N⁺CH₂CO₂H]Cl⁻

Demethylation of TMG gives dimethylglycine. Degradation of TMG yields trimethylamine, the scent of putrefying fish.

Production and biochemical processes[edit]

Processingsucrose from sugar beets yields glycine betaine as a byproduct. The value of the TMG rivals that of the sugar content in sugar beets.^[3]

Biosynthesis[edit]

In most organisms, glycine betaine is biosynthesized by oxidation of choline in two steps. The intermediate, betaine aldehyde, is generated by the action of the enzyme mitochondrial choline oxidase (choline dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.99.1). Betaine aldehyde is further oxidised in the mitochondria in mice to betaine by the enzyme betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.8).^[4][5] In humans betaine aldehyde activity is performed by a nonspecific cystosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme (EC 1.2.1.3) ^[6]

Biological function[edit]

TMG is an organic osmolyte. Sugar beet was cultivated from Sea beet, which requires osmolytes in order to survive in the salty soils of coastal areas. TMG also occurs in high concentrations (~10 mM) in many marine invertebrates, such as crustaceans and molluscs. It serves as a potent appetitive attractant to generalist carnivores such as the predatory sea-slug Pleurobranchaea californica.^[7]

TMG is an important cofactor in methylation, a process that occurs in every mammalian cell donating methyl groups (-CH₃) for other processes in the body. These processes include the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Methylation is also required for the biosynthesis of melatonin and the electron transport chain constituent coenzyme Q₁₀, as well as the methylation of DNA for epigenetics.

The major step in the methylation cycle is the remethylation of homocysteine, a compound which is naturally generated during demethylation of the essential amino acid methionine. Despite its natural formation, homocysteine has been linked to inflammation, depression, specific forms of dementia, and various types of vascular disease. The remethylation process that detoxifies homocysteine and converts it back to methionine can occur via either of two pathways. The pathway present in virtually all cells involves the enzyme methionine synthase (MS), which requires vitamin B₁₂ as a cofactor, and also depends indirectly on folate and other B vitamins. The second pathway (restricted to liver and kidney in most mammals) involves betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) and requires TMG as a cofactor. During normal physiological conditions, the two pathways contribute equally to removal of homocysteine in the body^[8]. Further degradation of betaine, via the enzyme dimethylglycine dehydrogenase produces folate, thus contributing back to methionine synthase. Betaine is thus involved in the synthesis of many biologically important molecules, and may be even more important in situations where the major pathway for the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine has been compromised by genetic polymorphisms such as mutations in the MS gene.

TMG in agriculture and aquaculture[edit]

Factory farms supplement fodder with TMG and lysine to increase livestocks' muscle mass (and, therefore, 'carcass yield', the amount of usable meat).

Salmon farms apply TMG to relieve the osmotic pressure on the salmon's cells when workers transfer the fish from freshwater to saltwater.^[3][9]

TMG supplementation decreases the amount of adipose tissue in pigs; however, research in human subjects has shown no effect on body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure.^[10]

TMG in the human diet[edit]

Dietary supplement[edit]

Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Test

Although TMG supplementation decreases the amount of adipose tissue in pigs, research on human subjects has shown no effect on body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure when used in conjunction with a low calorie diet.^[10] The Food and Drug Administration of the United States approved anhydrous trimethylglycine (also known by the brand name Cystadane) for the treatment of homocystinuria, a disease caused by abnormally high homocysteine levels at birth.^[11] TMG is also used as the hydrochloridesalt (marketed as betaine hydrochloride or betaine HCl). Betaine hydrochloride was once permitted in over-the-counter (OTC) drugs as a gastric aid in the United States. US Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Section 310.540, which became effective on November 10, 1993, banned betaine hydrochloride from being used in OTC products due to insufficient evidence to classify it as 'generally recognized as safe and effective'.^[12]

TMG supplementation may cause diarrhea, stomach upset, or nausea. TMG supplementation lowers homocysteine but also raises LDL-cholesterol.^[13]

Other uses: PCR[edit]

Trimethylglycine can act as an adjuvant of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process, and other DNA polymerase-based assays such as DNA sequencing. By an unknown mechanism, it aids in the prevention of secondary structures in the DNA molecules, and prevents problems associated with the amplification and sequencing of GC-rich regions. Trimethylglycine makes guanosine and cytidine (strong binders) behave with thermodynamics similar to those of thymidine and adenosine (weak binders). It has been determined under experiment that it is best used at a final concentration of 1 M.^[14]

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Speculative uses[edit]

Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Problems

Laboratory studies and two clinical trials have indicated that TMG is a potential treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.^[15][16][17]

TMG has been proposed as a treatment for depression. In theory, it would increase S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) by remethylating homocysteine. The same homocysteine-to-methionine result could be achieved by supplementing with folic acid and vitamin B12, methionine then serving as a precursor to synthesis of SAMe. SAMe as a dietary supplement has been shown to work as a nonspecific antidepressant.^[18]

Research with the goal of developing environmentally safe biomimetic ship coatings is using TMG, among others, as a non-toxic anti-fouling coating.

Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Problems

IEX Ion Exchange Chromatography[edit]

In the book from Amersham Biosciences/GE Healthcare, Ion Exchange Chromatography & Chromatofocusing - Principles and Methods, page 48. 'Zwitterionic additives such as betaine can prevent precipitation and can be used at high concentrations without interfering with the gradient elution'^{[citation needed]}

References[edit]

1. ^Acheson, R. M.; Bond, G. J. F. (1956). '52. Addition reactions of heterocyclic compounds. Part II. Phenanthridine and methyl acetylenedicarboxylate in methanol'. J. Chem. Soc. 1956: 246. doi:10.1039/JR9560000246.
2. ^Schiweck, Hubert; Clarke, Margaret; Pollach, Günter. 'Sugar'. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_345.pub2.
3. ^ ^abMäkelä, P. (2004). 'Agro-industrial uses of glycinebetaine'. Sugar Tech. 6 (4): 207–212. doi:10.1007/BF02942500.
4. ^Kempf, B.; Bremer, E. (1998). 'Uptake and synthesis of compatible solutes as microbial stress responses to high-osmolality environments'. Arch. Microbiol. 170 (5): 319–330. doi:10.1007/s002030050649. PMID9818351.
5. ^'BRENDA - Information on EC 1.2.1.8 - betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase'. Brenda-enzymes.org. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
6. ^Chern, M. K.; Pietruszko, R. (1999). 'Evidence for mitochondrial localization of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in rat liver: purification, characterization, and comparison with human cytoplasmic E3 isoenzyme'. Biochem. Cell Biol. 77 (3): 179–187. doi:10.1139/o99-030. PMID10505788.
7. ^Gillette, R.; Huang, R. C.; Hatcher, N.; Moroz, L. L. (March 2000). 'Cost-benefit analysis potential in feeding behavior of a predatory snail by integration of hunger, taste, and pain'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97 (7): 3585–3590. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3585G. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3585. PMC16283. PMID10737805.
8. ^Finkelstein, J. D. (1998-03-24). 'The metabolism of homocysteine: pathways and regulation'. European Journal of Pediatrics. 157 (S2): S40–S44. doi:10.1007/pl00014300. ISSN0340-6199. PMID9587024.
9. ^Xue, M.; Xie, S.; Cui, Y. (2004). 'Effect of a feeding stimulant on feeding adaptation of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch), fed diets with replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal'. Aquacult. Res. 35 (5): 473–482. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01041.x.
10. ^ ^abSchwab, U.; Törrönen, A.; Toppinen, L.; et al. (November 2002). 'Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects'. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76 (5): 961–967. doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.5.961. PMID12399266.
11. ^Holm, P. I.; Ueland, P. M.; Vollset, S. E.; et al. (February 2005). 'Betaine and folate status as cooperative determinants of plasma homocysteine in humans'. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25 (2): 379–385. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000151283.33976.e6. PMID15550695.
12. ^'CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21'. U.S. Food & Drug Administration.
13. ^Olthof MR, van Vliet T, Verhoef P, Zock PL, Katan MB (2005). 'Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans'. PLoS Med. 2 (5): e135. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020135. PMC1140947. PMID15916468.
14. ^Henke, W.; Herdel, K.; Jung, K.; Schnorr, D.; Loening, S. A. (October 1997). 'Betaine improves the PCR amplification of GC-rich DNA sequences'. Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (19): 3957–3958. doi:10.1093/nar/25.19.3957. PMC146979. PMID9380524.
15. ^Angulo, P.; Lindor, K. D. (2001). 'Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver: present and emerging therapies'. Semin. Liver Dis. 21 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12931. PMID11296699.
16. ^Abdelmalek, M. F.; Sanderson, S. O.; Angulo, P.; et al. (December 2009). 'Betaine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial'. Hepatology. 50 (6): 1818–26. doi:10.1002/hep.23239. PMID19824078.
17. ^Miglio, F.; Rovati, L. C.; Santoro, A.; Setnikar, I. (August 2000). 'Efficacy and safety of oral betaine glucuronate in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled prospective clinical study'. Arzneimittelforschung. 50 (8): 722–7. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1300279. PMID10994156.
18. ^Mischoulon D, Fava M (2002). 'Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence'. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76 (5): 1158S–61S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.5.1158s. PMID12420702.

External links[edit]

• USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods – including the data on choline metabolites, such as betaine, in 434 food items.

Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Test